While tail calls are usually associated with a functional programming style, I am interested in them purely for performance reasons. It turns out that in some cases we can use tail calls to get better code out of the compiler than would otherwise be possible—at least given current compiler technology—without dropping to assembly.

source: HN

As just one example (unrelated to what follows), their software bundles FFmpeg DLLs that were built in 2012 and have not been updated since then. There have been over a hundred security updates in that time, none of which have been applied.

In completely unrelated news, upcoming versions of Signal will be periodically fetching files to place in app storage. These files are never used for anything inside Signal and never interact with Signal software or data, but they look nice, and aesthetics are important in software. Files will only be returned for accounts that have been active installs for some time already, and only probabilistically in low percentages based on phone number sharding. We have a few different versions of files that we think are aesthetically pleasing, and will iterate through those slowly over time. There is no other significance to these files.

NCAA rules prohibit dunking with less than 20 minutes until tip, and Rohleder’s dunk came with 19:58 showing on the clock.

https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap?gameId=400546928

The gap in price between a 40-pound block of fresh cheddar and a 500-pound barrel has widened steadily over the last two years. At the end of 2018, the average block-barrel spread hovered around $0.12. That’s well above the $0.07 average spread calculated for 2017 and triple the traditional $0.035 spread.

This is most annoying when the most important keyboard shortcuts are inaccessible. A very common shortcut is / for accessing search functionality. Unfortunately, there is no /-key on most international layouts. Adding modifiers to produce this key with your layout rarely helps. For example, on my German layout, / is produced via Shift+7. Most web applications will ignore this. Similarly painful is when Electron apps use [ and ] for navigating backwards and forwards.

If you use a US layout, you might be surprised to hear about these problems. But rest assured, they are not new and I am not the only one who is affected. We are at a point where it is easy to find users complaining about this for almost any popular web application.

source: HN

We successfully deployed ThreadSanitizer in the Firefox project to eliminate data races in our remaining C/C++ components. In the process, we found several impactful bugs and can safely say that data races are often underestimated in terms of their impact on program correctness. We recommend that all multithreaded C/C++ projects adopt the ThreadSanitizer tool to enhance code quality.

source: HN

One of the key tasks assigned to the memory-management subsystem is to optimize the system’s use of the available memory; that means pushing out pages containing unused data so that they can be put to better use elsewhere. Predicting which pages will be accessed in the near future is a tricky task, and the kernel has evolved a number of mechanisms designed to improve its chances of guessing right. But the kernel not only often gets it wrong, it also can expend a lot of CPU time to make the incorrect choice. The multi-generational LRU patch set posted by Yu Zhao is an attempt to improve that situation.

https://lwn.net/ml/linux-kernel/20210313075747.3781593-1-yuzhao@google.com/

source: HN

AMD “Zen3” processors feature a new technology called Predictive Store Forwarding (PSF). PSF is a hardware-based micro-architectural optimization designed to improve the performance of code execution by predicting dependencies between loads and stores. Like technologies such as branch prediction, with PSF the processor “guesses” what the result of a load is likely to be, and speculatively executes subsequent instructions. In the event that the processor incorrectly speculated on the result of the load, it is designed to detect this and flush the incorrect results from the CPU pipeline.

Security research in recent years has examined the security implications of incorrect CPU speculation and how in some cases it may lead to side channel attacks. For instance, conditional branch speculation, indirect branch speculation, and store bypass speculation have been demonstrated to have the potential to be used in side-channel attacks (e.g., Spectre v1, v2, and v4 respectively).

Nice disclosure.

source: R

This research originated when I realized the default text reader on OSX, TextEdit is used to open files with TXT extension by default. On the interface of TextEdit, it looked like you can do basic customization to your text (you can turn text bold, italic, change color etc...), so I was wondering how a TXT file was storing and parsing this information. It seems it uses RTF format instead of TXT if we add customizations to the text.

source: HN

Embryonic cells can self-assemble into new living forms that don’t resemble the bodies they usually generate, challenging old ideas of what defines an organism.

source: HN

Washington is a city of great bridges and terrible bridges. These are their stories.

“signed char lotte” is a computer program written by Brian Westley and the winner of the “Best Layout” award in the 1990 International Obfuscated C Code Contest. The cleverness of the text is staggering. Superficially it reads as an epistolary exchange between two (possibly former) lovers, Charlotte and Charlie. At the same, it is an executable piece of code whose action is thematically related to its story.

source: L

This post may be a little longer than usual, so grab your coffees, grab your teas and without further ado, let’s dive in and see what we can come up with.

source: L

We’re running on fumes technologically as well. Besides various layout and DOM features we don’t support well like CSS grid, there are large JavaScript updates we’ll increasingly need which are formidably complex tasks. The biggest is async and await support which landed in Firefox 52, and which many sites now expect to run at all. However, at the time it required substantial changes to both JavaScript and the runtime environment and had lots of regressions and bugs to pick up. We have some minimal syntactic support for the feature but it covers only the simplest of use cases incompletely. There are also front end changes required to deal with certain minifiers (more about this in a moment) but they can all be traced back to a monstrous 2.5MB commit which is impossible to split up piecemeal. We could try to port 52ESR as a whole, but we would potentially suffer some significant regressions in the process, and because there is no Rust support for 32-bit PowerPC on OS X we couldn’t build anything past Firefox 54 anyway. All it does is just get us that much closer to an impenetrable dead end. It pains me to say so, but it’s just not worth it, especially if I, the browser’s only official beneficiary, am rarely using it personally these days. It’s best to hang it up here while the browser still works for most practical purposes and people can figure out their next move, rather than vainly struggling on with token changes until the core is totally useless.

source: HN

When the GameStop and Robinhood story exploded at the end of January, suddenly everyone took an interest in market structure, and things like payment for order flow, and the role that high-frequency trading shops play in enabling free retail trading. This of course gave rise to lots of conspiracy theories about ways retail traders are taken advantage of. On the new Odd Lots, we speak with Doug Cifu, the CEO of Virtu, which is one of the largest HFT shops in the country, to get his perspective on how this part of the market really works.

Hour long, pretty thorough.

Bit strings, error correcting, and coloring the corners of higher dimensional cubes.

The @CryptoHack__ account was pinged today by ENOENT, with a CTF-like challenge found in the wild: Source tweet. Here’s a write-up covering how given a partially redacted PEM, the whole private key can be recovered. The Twitter user, SAXX, shared a partially redacted private RSA key in a tweet about a penetration test where they had recovered a private key. Precisely, a screenshot of a PEM was shared online with 31 of 51 total lines of the file redacted. As ENOENT correctly identified, the redaction they had offered wasn’t sufficient, and from the shared screenshot, it was possible to totally recover the private key.

source: L

As cheesy as the title sounds, I promise it cannot beat the cheesiness of the technique I’ll be telling you about in this post. The morning I saw Mark Ermolov’s tweet about the undocumented instruction reading from/writing to the CRBUS, I had a bit of free time in my hands and I knew I had to find out the opcode so I started theory-crafting right away. After a few hours of staring at numbers, I ended up coming up with a method of discovering practically every instruction in the processor using a side(?)-channel. It’s an interesting method involving even more interesting components of the processor so I figured I might as well write about it, so here it goes.

source: L

Recently, one of the readers of my blog (Duc Tri Nguyen) showed me how, inspired by code from Dougall Johnson. Dougall has been doing interesting research on Apple’s processors. As far as I can tell, it is entirely undocumented and could blow up your computer. Thankfully, to access the performance counters, you need administrative access (wheel group). In practice, it means that you could start your instrumented program in a shell using sudo so that your program has, itself, administrative privileges.

To illustrate the approach, I have posted a full C++ project which builds an instrumented benchmark. You need administrative access and an Apple M1 system. I assume you have installed the complete developer kit with command-line utilities provided by Apple.

source: HN

The episode captured Medium in all its complexity: a publishing platform used by the most powerful people in the world; an experiment in mixing highbrow and lowbrow in hopes a sustainable business would emerge; and a devotion to algorithmic recommendations over editorial curation that routinely caused the company confusion and embarrassment.